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music is her strong (weak)

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1 music is her strong (weak) point

music is her strong (weak) point

música é o forte (fraco) dela.

English-Portuguese dictionary > music is her strong (weak) point
2 strong

strong [strɒŋ]

fort ⇒ 1 (a)-(c), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (j), 1 (k) robuste ⇒ 1 (a) solide ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (b), 1 (d), 1 (i) puissant ⇒ 1 (b) ferme ⇒ 1 (b), 1 (i) énergique ⇒ 1 (b) sérieux ⇒ 1 (d), 1 (f) grossier ⇒ 1 (g)

(compar stronger ['strɒŋgə(r)], superl strongest ['strɒŋgɪst])

1 adjective

(a) (sturdy → person, animal, constitution, arms) fort, robuste; (→ building) solide; (→ cloth, material) solide, résistant; (→ shoes, table) solide, robuste; (in health → person) robuste; (→ heart) solide, robuste; (→ eyesight) bon;

∎ he's not very strong (not muscular) il n'est pas très fort; (not healthy) il n'est pas très robuste;

∎ familiar you need a strong stomach to eat this junk il faut avoir un estomac en béton pour manger des cochonneries pareilles;

∎ you'd need a strong stomach to go and watch that movie il faut avoir l'estomac bien accroché pour aller voir ce film;

∎ he'll be able to go out once he's strong again il pourra sortir quand il aura repris des forces;

∎ to be as strong as a horse (powerful) être fort comme un Turc ou un bœuf; (in good health) avoir une santé de fer

(b) (in degree, force, intensity → sea current, wind, light, lens, voice) fort, puissant; (→ magnet) puissant; (→ current) intense; Music (→ beat) fort; (→ conviction, belief) ferme, fort, profond; (→ protest, support) énergique, vigoureux; (→ measures) énergique, draconien; (→ desire, imagination, interest) vif; (→ colour) vif, fort; (→ character, personality) fort, bien trempé; (→ feelings) intense, fort; (→ nerves) solide;

∎ the wind is growing stronger le vent forcit;

∎ there is a strong element of suspense in the story il y a beaucoup de suspense dans cette histoire;

∎ there's strong evidence that he committed suicide tout porte à croire qu'il s'est suicidé;

∎ it's my strong suit (in cards) c'est ma couleur forte; figurative c'est mon fort;

∎ figurative tact isn't her strong suit or point le tact n'est pas son (point) fort;

∎ what are his strong points? quels sont ses points forts?;

∎ he is a strong believer in discipline il est de ceux qui croient fermement à la discipline;

∎ it is my strong opinion that the men are innocent je suis convaincu ou persuadé que ces hommes sont innocents;

∎ she is a strong supporter of the government elle soutient le gouvernement avec ferveur;

∎ she is a strong supporter of Sunday trading c'est une ardente partisane de l'ouverture des commerces le dimanche;

∎ to exert a strong influence on sb exercer beaucoup d'influence ou une forte influence sur qn;

∎ she has a strong personality, she's a strong character elle a une forte personnalité;

∎ I have strong feelings on or about the death penalty (against) je suis absolument contre la peine de mort; (for) je suis tout à fait pour la peine de mort;

∎ I have no strong feelings or views one way or the other cela m'est égal;

∎ if you have strong feelings about it si c'est tellement important pour toi;

∎ he had a strong sense of guilt il éprouvait un fort sentiment de culpabilité;

∎ to have a strong will avoir de la volonté;

∎ you'll have to be strong now (when consoling or encouraging) il va falloir être courageux maintenant;

∎ you've got to be strong and say "no" il faut être ferme et dire "non"

(c) (striking → contrast, impression) fort, frappant, marquant; (→ accent) fort;

∎ to bear a strong resemblance to sb ressembler beaucoup ou fortement à qn;

∎ his speech made a strong impression on them son discours les a fortement impressionnés ou a eu un profond effet sur eux;

∎ there is a strong chance or probability that he will win il y a de fortes chances pour qu'il gagne

(d) (solid → argument, evidence) solide, sérieux;

∎ we have strong reasons to believe them innocent nous avons de bonnes ou sérieuses raisons de croire qu'ils sont innocents;

∎ they have a strong case ils ont de bons arguments;

∎ to be in a strong position être dans une position de force;

∎ we're in a strong bargaining position nous sommes bien placés ou en position de force pour négocier

(e) (in taste, smell) fort;

∎ I like strong coffee j'aime le café fort ou corsé;

∎ this whisky is strong stuff ce whisky est fort;

∎ there's a strong smell of gas in here il y a une forte odeur de gaz ici

(f) (in ability → student, team) fort; (→ candidate, contender) sérieux;

∎ he is a strong contender for the presidency il a de fortes chances de remporter l'élection présidentielle;

∎ he's a strong candidate for the post il a le profil idéal pour le poste;

∎ she is particularly strong in science subjects elle est particulièrement forte dans les matières scientifiques;

∎ in very strong form en très grande forme;

∎ the film was strong on style but weak on content le film était très bon du point de vue de la forme mais pas du tout du point de vue du contenu

(g) (tough, harsh → words) grossier;

∎ to use strong language dire des grossièretés, tenir des propos grossiers;

∎ I wrote him a strong letter je lui ai écrit une lettre bien sentie;

∎ she gave us her opinion in strong terms elle nous a dit ce qu'elle pensait sans mâcher ses mots;

∎ his latest film is strong stuff son dernier film est vraiment dur

(h) (in number)

∎ an army 5,000 strong une armée forte de 5000 hommes;

∎ the marchers were 400 strong les manifestants étaient au nombre de 400

(i) Commerce & Economics (currency, price) solide; (market) ferme;

∎ the dollar has got stronger le dollar s'est raffermi

(j) Physics

∎ strong force, strong interaction interaction f forte

(k) Grammar (verb, form) fort

2 adverb

∎ familiar to be going strong (person) être toujours solide^□ ou toujours d'attaque; (party) battre son plein; (machine, car) fonctionner toujours bien^□ ; (business, economy) être florissant^□, prospérer^□ ;

∎ he's eighty years old and still going strong il a quatre-vingts ans et toujours bon pied bon œil;

∎ the favourite was going strong as they turned into the home straight le favori marchait fort quand les chevaux ont entamé la dernière ligne droite^□ ;

∎ to come on strong (insist) insister lourdement^□ ; (make a pass) faire des avances^□ ;

∎ that's coming it a bit strong! vous y allez un peu fort!, vous exagérez!

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > strong
3 point

[point] 1. noun
1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) ponta

2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) cabo

3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) ponto

4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) ponto

5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) momento

6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) ponto

7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) ponto

8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) ponto

9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) ponto

10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) sentido

11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) traço

12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) tomada
2. verb
1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) apontar

2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) apontar

3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) preencher frinchas

•

- pointed
- pointer
- pointless
- pointlessly
- points
- be on the point of
- come to the point
- make a point of
- make one's point
- point out
- point one's toes
* * *

[pɔint] n 1 ponto: a) sinal, mancha. b) Geom grandeza considerada por abstração, sem dimensão alguma. c) circunstância, detalhe, pormenor. d) Sports tento. e) ponto principal, o essencial. f) duodécima parte da linha (1/72 de polegada). g) local, sítio, posição. h) objetivo, escopo, mira. i) desígnio. j) grau, situação. k) fim, termo. l) instante, momento. m) Gram sinal de pontuação. n) furo feito por agulha. o) assunto, caso, questão. p) unidade de valores ou preços. q) renda feita com agulha. r) Naut cada uma das 32 divisões do compasso. s) Naut intervalo entre dois pontos do compasso. t) pinta (de cartas ou dados). u) ponto decimal. 2 ponta: a) extremidade aguçada, bico. b) extremidade, cabo, promontório. 3 pico, cume. 4 fato ou argumento que impressiona. 5 direção, curso. 6 Typogr corpo. 7 decisão, resolução. 8 agulha de ferrovia. 9 ferramenta ou arma pontiaguda. 10 característica, atributo. 11 auge, apogeu. 12 ato de apontar. 13 punctura, picada. 14 Mil patrulha de ponta. • vt+vi 1 apontar: a) fazer ponta em, aguçar. b) indicar, mostrar. c) dirigir para, assestar. d) mostrar indicando. e) dirigir-se com a ponta para. 2 separar com pontos ou traços. 3 pontuar. 4 aludir, mencionar, sugerir. 5 salientar, evidenciar. 6 conduzir a, tender para. 7 encher com argamassa. at the point of death às portas da morte. at the point of the sword sob coação, impelido pela força. at this point neste momento, a esta altura. beside the point fora do assunto, alheio à questão, irrelevante. boiling point ponto de ebulição. breaking point momento de ruptura. cardinal points pontos cardeais. freezing point ponto de congelamento. from point to point detalhadamente, minuciosamente. he gained his point ele obteve seu desígnio. he wandered from the point ele desviou-se do assunto. in point of a respeito de, com referência a. in point of fact de fato, na realidade. it is a good point in his character é um elemento positivo do seu caráter. I was on the point of doing it estava prestes a fazê-lo. music is her strong (weak) point música é o forte (fraco) dela. not to put too fine a point on it falar claramente. point of contact ponto de contato. point of conscience questão de consciência. point of controversy ponto de divergência. point of departure ponto de partida, especialmente em uma discussão. point of honor ponto de honra, questão de honra. point of inflection ponto de inflexão. point of intersection ponto de intersecção. point of no return ponto sem retorno (viagem, avião). point of order questão de ordem. point of origin local de origem. point of reference ponto de referência. point of sale Com ponto de venda. point of support ponto de apoio. point of view a) ponto de vista. b) opinião. point out apontar, indicar, chamar atenção para. that’s not to the point isto não vem ao caso, não diz respeito à questão. that’s the point eis a questão. the conversation ended in point a conversa tornou-se mais aguçada. the points of a horse as qualidades de um cavalo. the winner on points o vencedor por pontos. they spoke to the point falaram objetivamente. to be on the point of estar prestes a. to get to the point ir ao ponto principal. to give points to dar vantagens a. to keep to the point limitar-se ao assunto. to lose on points (boxe) perder por pontos. to make a point of fazer questão de, considerar. to miss the point não compreender. to point a wall rebocar uma parede. to point out mostrar, apontar para, chamar a atenção para. to point towards a) apontar para. b) estar voltado para. to point up enfatizar. to stick to the point permanecer no assunto, prender-se ao assunto. to stretch (strain) a point conceder um pouco, abrir uma exceção. to the point a) importante, relevante. b) conciso, objetivo. to win on points (boxe) ganhar por pontos. turning point a) momento de decisão. b) ponto crítico. up to a certain point até certo ponto. we made a point of doing it fizemos questão de fazê-lo. when it came to the point quando chegou o momento decisivo.

English-Portuguese dictionary > point
4 beat

beat [bi:t] (pt beat, pp beaten ['bi:tən])

1 transitive verb

(a) (hit → dog, person) frapper, battre; (→ carpet, metal) battre; Cookery (eggs) battre, fouetter;

∎ to beat sb with a stick donner des coups de bâton à qn;

∎ to beat sth flat aplatir qch (en tapant dessus);

∎ to beat sb black and blue battre qn comme plâtre;

∎ he beat the water with his hands il battit l'eau de ses mains;

∎ literary she beat her breast elle se frappa la poitrine;

∎ American vulgar to beat one's meat (masturbate) se branler

(b) Music

∎ to beat time battre la mesure;

∎ she beat time to the music with her foot elle marquait le rythme de la musique avec son pied;

∎ to beat a drum battre du tambour

(c) (move → wing) battre;

∎ the bird was beating its wings l'oiseau battait des ailes;

∎ the pigeon was beating the air with its wings le pigeon battait l'air de ses ailes

(d) (defeat → at game, sport) battre, vaincre;

∎ she beat him at poker elle l'a battu au poker;

∎ Liverpool were beaten Liverpool a perdu;

∎ to beat the world record battre le record mondial;

∎ figurative beat the rush hour, travel early évitez l'heure de pointe, voyagez plus tôt;

∎ to beat the system tirer son épingle du jeu en magouillant;

∎ American familiar to beat the charge échapper à l'accusation^□ ;

∎ American familiar to beat the rap échapper à la tôle;

∎ we've got to beat racism il faut en finir avec le racisme;

∎ if you can't beat them, join them mieux vaut s'allier aux gens que l'on ne peut pas vaincre;

∎ familiar to beat sb hollow or British hands down, to beat the pants off sb battre qn à plate couture;

∎ familiar the problem has me beaten le problème me dépasse complètement;

∎ familiar (it) beats me cela me dépasse;

∎ familiar it beats me or what beats me is how he gets away with it je ne comprends pas ou ça me dépasse qu'il s'en tire à chaque fois;

∎ familiar he beat me to it (arrived, telephoned before me etc) il m'a devancé

(e) (outdo)

∎ you can't beat the Chinese for inventiveness on ne peut pas trouver plus inventifs que les Chinois;

∎ nothing beats a cup of tea rien ne vaut une tasse de thé;

∎ beat that! voyons si tu peux faire mieux!; figurative pas mal, hein?;

∎ familiar that beats the lot!, that takes some beating! ça, c'est le bouquet!;

∎ familiar his answer takes some beating! (critically) c'est le comble!; (admiringly) on n'aurait pas pu mieux dire!;

∎ familiar can you beat it! tu as déjà vu ça, toi!

(f) (path) se frayer;

∎ to beat a way through the undergrowth se frayer un chemin à travers la végétation;

∎ figurative the new doctor soon had people beating a path to his door très vite, les gens se pressèrent chez le nouveau docteur

(g) Military (retreat)

∎ to beat the retreat battre la retraite;

∎ figurative they beat a hasty retreat when they saw the police arrive ils ont décampé en vitesse quand ils ont vu arriver la police

(h) Hunting

∎ to beat the woods/the moors battre les bois/les landes

(i) familiar (idioms)

∎ to beat it, American to beat feet (go away) se tirer, se barrer;

∎ beat it! dégage!

2 intransitive verb

(a) (rain) battre; (sun) taper; (wind) souffler en rafales;

∎ to beat on or at the door cogner à la porte;

∎ the waves beat against the sea wall les vagues venaient battre la digue;

∎ the rain was beating against the roof la pluie battait contre le toit;

∎ he doesn't beat British about or American around the bush il n'y va pas par quatre chemins;

∎ so, not to beat British about or American around the bush, I've lost my job enfin bref, j'ai perdu mon emploi

(b) (heart, pulse, wing) battre;

∎ with beating heart le cœur battant;

∎ his heart was beating with terror son cœur palpitait de terreur;

∎ I heard the drums beating j'entendis le roulement des tambours

(c) Nautical

∎ to beat to windward louvoyer au plus près

3 noun

(a) (of heart, pulse, wing) battement m, pulsation f; Music (of drums) battement m; battement m;

∎ Military to march to the beat of the drum marcher au son du tambour

(b) Music (time) temps m; (in jazz and pop) rythme m;

∎ a strong/weak beat un temps fort/faible;

∎ a funky beat un rythme funky

(c) (of policeman) ronde f, secteur m; Military (of sentry) ronde f;

∎ we need more policemen on the beat il faudrait qu'il y ait plus de policiers à faire des rondes;

∎ he saw the robbery when he was on his beat il a été témoin du vol pendant qu'il effectuait sa ronde;

∎ familiar figurative it's off my beat altogether cela ne relève pas de ma compétence^□, ce n'est pas de mon ressort^□

(d) Hunting battue f

(e) familiar (beatnik) beatnik^□ mf

4 adjective

(a) familiar (exhausted) crevé, vidé

(b) familiar (defeated)

∎ you've got me beat (defeated) je m'avoue vaincu; (unable to answer) je sèche;

∎ this crossword's got me beat je sèche sur ces mots croisés

(c) familiar beatnik^□ ;

∎ a beat poet un poète beatnik

►► the Beat generation = mouvement littéraire et culturel américain des années 50-60 dont les adeptes (les "beatniks") refusaient les conventions de la société moderne

➲ beat back separable transitive verb

Military (enemy, flames) repousser

➲ beat down

1 separable transitive verb

(a) (grass)

∎ the wind had beaten the grass down le vent avait couché les herbes;

∎ the horses had beaten down the crops les chevaux avaient foulé les récoltes

(b) British Commerce (seller) faire baisser;

∎ I beat him down to £20 je lui ai fait baisser son prix à 20 livres

2 intransitive verb

(sun) taper; (rain) tomber à verse ou à torrents;

∎ the rain was beating down il pleuvait à torrents;

∎ the rain was beating down on the tin roof la pluie s'abattait sur le toit en tôle

➲ beat in separable transitive verb

(door) défoncer;

∎ I'll beat his head in! je lui défoncerai le crâne!

➲ beat off

1 separable transitive verb

Military (enemy, attack) repousser

2 intransitive verb

vulgar (masturbate) se branler

➲ beat out separable transitive verb

(a) (flames) étouffer

(b) (metal) étaler au marteau;

∎ familiar figurative to beat one's brains out se creuser la cervelle;

∎ familiar to beat sb's brains out défoncer le crâne à qn

(c) Music (rhythm) marquer;

∎ she beat the rhythm out on a drum elle marquait le rythme ou elle battait la mesure sur un tambour

(d) American Sport (opponent) battre

➲ beat up

1 separable transitive verb

(a) familiar (person) tabasser, passer à tabac

(b) Cookery (egg white) faire monter; (cream, egg) fouetter, battre

(c) (drum up → help, volunteers) racoler, recruter

2 intransitive verb

Nautical louvoyer ou gagner vers la terre

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > beat
5 stomach

1. noun
1) (Anat., Zool.) Magen, der

on an empty stomach — mit leerem Magen [arbeiten, fahren, weggehen]; auf nüchternen Magen [Alkohol trinken, Medizin einnehmen]

on a full stomach — mit vollem Magen

turn somebody's stomach — jemandem den Magen umdrehen (ugs.)

2) (abdomen, paunch) Bauch, der

have a pain in one's stomach — Bauchschmerzen haben

3)

have the/no stomach [for something] — (wish/not wish to eat) Appetit/keinen Appetit [auf etwas (Akk.)] haben; (fig.): (courage) Mut/keinen Mut [zu etwas] haben
2. transitive verb
1) (eat, drink) herunterbekommen (ugs.); (keep down) bei sich behalten

2) (fig.): (tolerate) ausstehen; akzeptieren [Vorstellung, Vorgehen, Rat]

* * *

noun

1) (the bag-like organ in the body into which food passes when swallowed, and where most of it is digested.) der Magen

2) (the part of the body between the chest and thighs; the belly: a pain in the stomach.) der Bauch

•

- academic.ru/118627/stomach-ache">stomach-ache

* * *

stom·ach

[ˈstʌmək]

I. n

1. (digestive organ) Magen m

my \stomach hurts ich habe Bauchschmerzen

he felt a knot of nervousness in the pit of his \stomach er fühlte eine nervöse Spannung in der Magengrube

I feel sick to my \stomach mir ist schlecht [o übel] fam

to have a pain in one's \stomach Magenschmerzen [o Bauchschmerzen] haben

to have a delicate \stomach einen empfindlichen Magen haben

to drink alcohol on an empty \stomach auf leeren [o nüchternen] Magen Alkohol trinken

on a full \stomach mit vollem Magen

to have an upset \stomach eine Magenverstimmung haben

last night's meal has given me an upset \stomach ich habe mir gestern beim Abendessen den Magen verdorben

to churn [or turn] sb's \stomach jdm Übelkeit verursachen [o den Magen umdrehen] fam

to pump sb's \stomach jdm den Magen auspumpen

to settle the \stomach den Magen beruhigen

2. (abdomen) Bauch m; of a baby Bäuchlein nt

to have a big/flat \stomach einen dicken/flachen Bauch haben

to hold [or suck] one's \stomach in den Bauch einziehen

to lie on one's \stomach auf dem Bauch liegen

3. (appetite)

to have no [or not have the] \stomach for sth keinen Appetit auf etw akk haben; ( fig: desire) nicht willens sein, etw zu tun

I've got no \stomach for this heavy food dieses Essen ist mir zu schwer

she had no \stomach to visit her family ihr war nicht danach zumute, ihre Familie zu besuchen

4.

▶ an army marches on its \stomach ( prov) mit leerem Magen kann man nichts Ordentliches zustande bringen

▶ sb's eyes are bigger than their \stomach die Augen sind größer als der Mund

▶ to have a strong/weak \stomach etw/nichts aushalten, starke/schwache Nerven haben

II. n modifier (cramp, operation) Magen-

\stomach doctor Internist(in) m(f)

\stomach flu/virus Magen-Darm-Grippe f/-Virus nt

\stomach muscles Bauchmuskeln pl

\stomach problems Magenbeschwerden pl

III. vt ( fam)

to not be able to \stomach sb's arrogance/manner jds Arroganz/Art nicht ertragen können

to not be able to \stomach bloody films/violence brutale Filme/Gewalt nicht vertragen

to not be able to \stomach sb jdn nicht ausstehen können

to be hard to \stomach schwer zu verkraften sein

* * *
['stʌmək]
1. n
(= abdomen) Magen m; (= belly, paunch) Bauch m; (fig = appetite) Lust f (for auf +acc), Interesse nt (for an +dat)
to lie on one's stomach —

hold your stomach in — zieh den Bauch ein!

to have a pain in one's stomach — Magen-/Bauchschmerzen haben

to hit sb in the stomach — jdn in die Magengrube/Bauchgegend schlagen or (bullet etc) treffen

on an empty stomach (drink, take medicine etc) — auf leeren or nüchternen Magen

on an empty/full stomach (swim, drive etc) — mit leerem or nüchternem/vollem Magen

an army marches on its stomach (prov) — mit leerem Magen kann man nichts Ordentliches zustande or zu Stande bringen

I feel sick to my stomach (fig) — mir ist speiübel

I have no stomach for that — das ist mir zuwider; (for party, journey etc) mir ist nicht danach (zumute)

to have a strong stomach — eine guten Magen haben

2. vt (inf)
behaviour, rudeness, cruelty vertragen; person, film, music etc ausstehen
* * *

stomach [ˈstʌmək]

A s

1. Magen m:

a strong stomach ein guter Magen (a. fig);

on an empty stomach auf leeren oder nüchternen Magen (rauchen etc), mit leerem oder nüchternem Magen (schwimmen gehen etc);

on a full stomach mit vollem Magen

2. Bauch m, Leib m:

stomach muscles Bauchmuskeln

3. Appetit m ( for auf akk)

4. Lust f ( for zu, auf akk);

I haven’t got the stomach for alcohol ich mache mir nichts aus Alkohol

5. obs

a) Laune f

b) Stolz m

B adj Magen…:

stomach cancer (cramp, pump, ulcer, etc);

stomach upset Magenverstimmung f

C v/t

1. verdauen (auch fig)

2. fig

a) vertragen, -kraften

b) einstecken, hinnehmen

* * *
1. noun
1) (Anat., Zool.) Magen, der

on an empty stomach — mit leerem Magen [arbeiten, fahren, weggehen]; auf nüchternen Magen [Alkohol trinken, Medizin einnehmen]

on a full stomach — mit vollem Magen

turn somebody's stomach — jemandem den Magen umdrehen (ugs.)

2) (abdomen, paunch) Bauch, der

have a pain in one's stomach — Bauchschmerzen haben

3)

have the/no stomach [for something] — (wish/not wish to eat) Appetit/keinen Appetit [auf etwas (Akk.)] haben; (fig.): (courage) Mut/keinen Mut [zu etwas] haben
2. transitive verb
1) (eat, drink) herunterbekommen (ugs.); (keep down) bei sich behalten

2) (fig.): (tolerate) ausstehen; akzeptieren [Vorstellung, Vorgehen, Rat]

* * *

n.

(§ pl.: stomaches)

= Magen ¨-- m.

English-german dictionary > stomach
6 like

1. I
abs

do what you like делай, что хочешь /что угодно/; he thinks he can do anything he likes он думает, что может делать все, или что ему все дозволено; go where (whenever) you like идите, куда (когда) хотите; say what you like что хочешь говори, говори, что тебе вздумается; take whichever you like возьми любое /то, которое тебе нравится/
2. III
1) like smb., smth. like smb.'s brother (smb.'s friends, dogs, Bach's music, this kind of food, this kind of fish, hot toast, etc.) любить чьего-л. брата и т. д., I liked the concert (this picture, school, his books, his offer, his visits, his looks, etc.) мне понравился концерт и т. д., я [остался] доволен концертом и т. д., his parents like me and I like them мне нравятся его родители и я им тоже [пришелся по душе]; she likes him but she doesn't love him он ей нравится, но она его не любит; she seems to like you кажется, вы ей понравились; your father won't like it вашему отцу это будет не по вкусу, ваш отец будет этим недоволен; this is the kind of country I like вот такие места я люблю; [well,] I like that! coll. iron. вот это мне нравится!, хорошенькое дело!, вот это да!; I like his impudence! coll. iron. подумай /подумать только/; какое нахальство /какая наглость/!, вот это мне нравится!

2) like smth. this plant, (this flower, etc.) likes sunlight (a warm climate, a sandy soil, etc.) этому растению и т. д. нужно солнце и т. д., ivy doesn't like sun плющ не любит солнца; these plants do not like damp soil эти растения не приживаются на влажной почве

3) like smth. usually with would, should; would you like another cup of tea? хотите еще чашку чая?; I should like a cup of coffee я бы хотел /мне бы хотелось/ [выпить] чашку чая; have a glass of beer, or would you like tea? выпейте стакан пива, или вы предпочитаете /предпочли бы/ чай?; would you like the armchair? хотите сесть в кресло?; would you like my company? вы не возражаете против моего общества?; whether he likes it or not хочет он того или нет
3. IV
like smth. in some manner like smth. very much (exceedingly, naturally, scarcely, etc.) очень и т. д. любить что-л.; I don't like it very much мне это не очень по душе; I don't like it at all мне это совсем не нравится; they mutually liked each other они друг другу понравились: if he doesn't like it here he can go elsewhere если ему здесь не нравится, он может идти куда угодно
4. VI
like smth. in some state like one's tea strong (weak, hot, etc.) любить крепкий и т. д. чай; how do you like your tea? - I don't like it too sweet какой вы любите чай? - Не очень сладкий; like cucumbers fresh (carrots raw, etc.) любить свежие огурцы и т. д., take any book [that] you like best возьми ту книгу, которая тебе больше всего понравится
5. VII
1) like smb. to do smth. like people to tell the truth (her to be within reach, children to go to bed early, etc.) любить, чтобы [люди] говорили правду и т. д., I don't like women to smoke мне не нравится, когда женщины курят; like smth. to do smth. I like things to work smoothly я люблю, когда все идет гладко

2) like smb. to do smth. usually with should, would; I should like you to know it (her to go with you, her to be near me, etc.) я бы хотел, чтобы вы об этом знали и т. д., I should like to have time to consider it мне нужно время, чтобы подумать об этом
6. VIII
like smb. doing smth. I like her reading serious books (them going into town, children behaving like that, etc.) мне нравится, когда она читает серьезные книги и т. д.
7. IX
like smth. done I like such subjects discussed (my books read, the lectures attended, etc.) мне нравится, когда /что/ обсуждаются такие вопросы и т. д., I don't like it to be talked of я не люблю /мне не нравится/, когда об этом говорят
8. XI
be liked in some manner he is well liked его очень любят, он пользуется всеобщим расположением; be liked in some place he is liked here (in his village, etc.) его любят здесь и т. д.
9. XIII
like to do smth.1)

like to read in bed (to see new films, to go long walks, to see them now and then, to have a nice chat with good friends, to be obeyed, to be praised, etc.) любить читать в постели и т. д.

2)

usually with should, would or in the negative I should like to come (to stay here, to go out, to know, to see, to be able to help you, to sail round the world, etc.) я бы хотел прийти и т. д., I should like to see you do it я бы хотел посмотреть, как ты это сделаешь; I should like to have been there жаль, что меня там не было: I'd like to see Mr. Johnson могу я видеть мистера Джонсона?; would she like to sell it, (to buy it, to read it, etc.)? захочет ли /согласится ли/ она продать это и т. д.?; I don't like to interrupt [him] (to disturb [you], to trouble you, to ask too many questions, etc.) я не хотел бы прерывать /сожалею, что мне приходится прервать/ [его] и т. д., I shouldn't like to be in your shoes мне не хотелось бы быть /оказаться/ на вашем месте
10. XIV
like doing smth.1)

like dancing (reading, having meals in bed, singing, etc.) любить танцевать и т.д., находить удовольствие в танцах и т. д.

2)

usually in the negative I don't like troubling you (disturbing you, asking him, etc.) мне бы не хотелось /жаль, что мне приходится/ беспокоить вас и т. д.

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > like
7 low

I 1. adjective
1) (not reaching far up) niedrig; niedrig, flach [Absätze, Stirn]; flach [Relief]

2) (below normal level) niedrig; tief [Flug]; flach [Welle]; tief ausgeschnitten [Kleid]; tief [Ausschnitt]

3) (not elevated) tief liegend [Wiese, Grund, Land]; tiefhängend [Wolke]; tief stehend [Gestirne]; tief [Verbeugung]

4) (inferior) niedrig; gering [Intelligenz, Bildung]; gewöhnlich [Geschmack]

5) (not fair) gemein

6) (Cards) niedrig

7) (small in degree) niedrig; gering [Sichtweite, Wert]

have a low opinion of somebody/something — von jemandem/etwas keine hohe Meinung haben

8) (in pitch) tief [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang]; (in loudness) leise [Ton, Stimme]

9) (nearly gone) fast verbraucht od. aufgebraucht

run low — allmählich ausgehen od. zu Ende gehen. See also academic.ru/43997/lower">lower II 1.
2. adverb
1) (in or to a low position) tief; niedrig, tief [hängen]; see also high 2. 1)

2) (to a low level)

prices have gone too low — die Preise sind zu weit gefallen

3) (not loudly) leise

4)

lay somebody low — (prostrate) jemanden niederstrecken (geh.)

lie low — am Boden liegen; (hide) untertauchen. See also lower II 2.
3. noun
1) (Meteorol.) Tief, das

2) Tiefststand, der; see also all-time
II intransitive verb
[Kuh:] muhen

* * *
I 1. [ləu] adjective
1) (not at or reaching up to a great distance from the ground, sea-level etc: low hills; a low ceiling; This chair is too low for the child.) niedrig

2) (making little sound; not loud: She spoke in a low voice.) leise

3) (at the bottom of the range of musical sounds: That note is too low for a female voice.) tief

4) (small: a low price.) niedrig

5) (not strong; weak or feeble: The fire was very low.) schwach

6) (near the bottom in grade, rank, class etc: low temperatures; the lower classes.) niedrig
2. adverb
(in or to a low position, manner or state: The ball flew low over the net.) niedrig

- lower
- lowly
- lowliness
- low-down
- lowland
- lowlander
- lowlands
- low-lying
- low-tech 3. adjective
low-tech industries/skills.)

- low tide/water
- be low on II [ləu] verb
(to make the noise of cattle; to moo: The cows were lowing.) brüllen

* * *

low¹

[ləʊ, AM loʊ]

I. adj

1. (in height) niedrig

at a \low altitude in geringer Höhe

\low heels flache [o niedrige] Absätze

\low neckline tiefer Ausschnitt

\low slope flacher Abhang

the dress has a \low waist das Kleid hat eine tief angesetzte Taille

2. (in number) gering, wenig

\low attendance geringe Besucherzahl

\low blood pressure niedriger Blutdruck

\low calibre kleines Kaliber

people of [a] \low calibre ( fig) Leute mit wenig Format

to be \low in calories/cholesterol kalorien-/cholesterinarm sein

to be \low in funds wenig Geld haben, knapp bei Kasse sein fam

to keep sth \low etw niedrig halten

3. (depleted) knapp

\low stocks geringe Vorräte

to be [or get] [or run] \low zur Neige gehen, knapp werden

we were getting \low on supplies unsere Vorräte waren fast erschöpft

the batteries are running \low die Batterien sind fast leer

the bulb was \low die Glühbirne brannte nur noch schwach

4. (not loud) leise

\low groaning verhaltenes Stöhnen

in a \low voice mit leiser [o gedämpfter] Stimme

5. (not high-pitched) voice tief

\low pitch tiefe Stimmlage

6. (not intense) niedrig; light gedämpft

on a \low burner [or flame] auf kleiner Flamme

\low frequency Niederfrequenz f

\low heat schwache Hitze

roast the chicken at \low heat braten Sie das Hähnchen bei niedriger Hitze

7. (not good)

\low morale schlechte Moral

to have a \low opinion of sb von jdm nicht viel halten

\low quality minderwertige Qualität

to hold sth in \low regard etw geringschätzen

\low self-esteem geringe Selbstachtung

\low standards (in technics) schlechter [o niedriger] Standard; (in tests, etc) niedriges Niveau

\low visibility schlechte Sicht

8. (not important) niedrig, gering

to be a \low priority nicht so wichtig sein

9. (unfair, mean) gemein

\low trick gemeiner Trick

to get \low gemein [o niederträchtig] sein

how \low can you get? wie tief willst du noch sinken?

10. (sad)

in \low spirits niedergeschlagen, in gedrückter Stimmung

to feel \low niedergeschlagen [o deprimiert] sein

11. LING vowel offen

II. adv

1. (in height) niedrig

to be cut \low dress, blouse tief ausgeschnitten sein

to fly \low tief fliegen

2. (to a low level) tief

to turn the music \lower die Musik leiser stellen

turn the oven on \low stell den Ofen auf kleine Hitze

3. (cheap) billig

to buy \low billig [o günstig] einkaufen

4. (not loudly) leise

to speak \low leise sprechen

5. (not high-pitched) tief

to sing \low tief [o mit tiefer Stimme] singen

III. n

1. (low level) Tiefstand m, Tiefpunkt m

to be at a \low auf einem Tiefpunkt sein

to hit [or reach] a \low an einen Tiefpunkt gelangen

2. METEO Tief nt

expected \lows near 0° C today die Tiefstwerte liegen heute vermutlich bei 0° C

record \low Rekordtief nt

3. AUTO erster Gang

put the car in \low legen Sie den ersten Gang ein

4. AM ( fig: person)

▪ to be in \low schlapp sein fam

5.

▶ to be the lowest of the \low ein ganz gemeiner Typ sein fam

low²

[ləʊ, AM loʊ]

I. n Muhen nt

II. vi cow muhen

* * *
I [ləʊ]
1. adj (+er)

1) niedrig; form of life, musical key nieder; bow, note tief; density, intelligence gering; food supplies knapp; pulse schwach; quality gering; light gedämpft, schwach; (pej) minderwertig (pej); (LING) vowel offen; (MATH) denominator klein

the lamp was low — die Lampe brannte schwach

the sun was low in the sky — die Sonne stand tief am Himmel

her dress was low at the neck — ihr Kleid hatte einen tiefen Ausschnitt

low blow or punch — Tiefschlag m

that punch was a bit low — der Schlag war etwas tief

the river is low — der Fluss hat or führt wenig Wasser

a ridge of low pressure — ein Tiefdruckkeil

low density housing — aufgelockerte Bauweise

activity on the stock exchange is at its lowest — die Börsentätigkeit hat ihren Tiefstand erreicht

to be low in funds — knapp bei Kasse sein (inf)

2)

(= not loud or shrill) to speak in a low voice — leise sprechen

3) (= socially inferior, vulgar) birth nieder, niedrig; rank, position untergeordnet, niedrig; character, company schlecht; trick gemein

I really felt low having to tell him that — ich kam mir richtig gemein vor, dass ich ihm das sagen musste

how low can you get! — wie kann man nur so tief sinken!

low cunning — Gerissenheit f

4) (= weak in health or spirits) resistance schwach, gering; morale schlecht

the patient is rather low today —

to be in low health to be in low spirits — bei schlechter Gesundheit sein in gedrückter Stimmung sein, bedrückt or niedergeschlagen sein

to feel low — sich nicht wohlfühlen or gut fühlen; (emotionally) niedergeschlagen sein

to make sb feel low (events) — jdn mitnehmen, jdm zu schaffen machen; (people) jdn mitnehmen or bedrücken

2. adv
aim nach unten; speak, sing leise; fly, bow tief
they turned the lamps down low — sie drehten die Lampen herunter

a dress cut low in the back — ein Kleid mit tiefem Rückenausschnitt

to fall low (morally) — tief sinken

I would never sink so low as to... — so tief würde ich nie sinken, dass ich...

share prices went so low that... —

to buy low and sell high — billig kaufen und teuer verkaufen

to lay sb low (Brit) (punch) — jdn zu Boden strecken; (disease) jdn befallen

he's been laid low with the flu (Brit) —

to play low (Cards) — um einen niedrigen or geringen Einsatz spielen

to run or get low — knapp werden

or gas (US) — uns (dat) geht das Benzin aus

3. n

1) (MET) Tief nt; (fig also) Tiefpunkt m, Tiefstand m

to reach a new low — einen neuen Tiefstand erreichen

this represents a new low in advertising — so tief ist die Werbung noch nie zuvor gesunken

2) (AUT: low gear) niedriger Gang
II
1. n
(of cow) Muh nt
2. vi
muhen
* * *

low¹ [ləʊ]

A adj

1. auch fig niedrig (Gebäude, Lohn, Preis, Stirn, Zahl etc):

low brook seichter Bach;

low speed geringe Geschwindigkeit;

low in calories kalorienarm;

low in fat fettarm;

bring low fig

a) jemanden demütigen,

b) jemanden ruinieren;

lay low

a) jemanden niederschlagen, -schießen,

b) jemanden ans Bett fesseln, umwerfen umg (Krankheit);

sell low billig verkaufen; → profile A 1

2. tief gelegen (Land etc)

3. tief (Verbeugung etc):

low flying FLUG Tiefflug m;

the sun is low die Sonne steht tief; → beam A 6

4. → low-necked

5. a) fast leer (Gefäß)

b) fast erschöpft, knapp (Vorrat etc):

get ( oder run) low knapp werden, zur Neige gehen;

he is getting ( oder running) low on money ihm geht allmählich das Geld aus;

be low on funds knapp bei Kasse sein umg; → budget A 2

6. schwach, kraftlos, matt:

low pulse schwacher Puls

7. Kost etc:

a) wenig nahrhaft

b) einfach

8. gedrückt, niedergeschlagen, deprimiert:

feel low

a) in gedrückter Stimmung sein,

b) sich elend fühlen ( → A 13 c); → spirit A 8

9. (zeitlich) verhältnismäßig neu oder jung:

of low date (verhältnismäßig) neuen Datums

10. gering(schätzig): → opinion 3

11. minderwertig

12. (sozial) unter(er, e, es), nieder, niedrig:

of low birth von niedriger Geburt;

low life das Leben der einfachen Leute

13. a) gewöhnlich, niedrig (denkend oder gesinnt):

low thinking niedrige Denkungsart

b) ordinär, vulgär (Person, Ausdruck etc)

c) gemein, niederträchtig (Trick etc):

feel low sich gemein vorkommen ( → A 8)

14. nieder, primitiv:

low forms of life niedere Lebensformen;

low race primitive Rasse

15. tief (Ton etc)

16. leise (Ton, Stimme etc):

in a low voice leise

17. LING offen

18. Low → Low-Church

19. TECH erst(er, e, es), niedrigst(er, e, es): → gear A 3 b

B adv

1. niedrig:

it hangs low;

aim lower

2. tief:

bow low

3. fig tief:

sunk thus low so tief gesunken

4. kärglich, dürftig:

live low ein kärgliches Leben führen

5. niedrig, mit geringem Einsatz:

play low niedrig spielen

6. tief (klingend):

sing low tief singen

7. leise:

talk low

C s

1. AUTO erster oder niedrigster Gang

2. METEO Tief(druckgebiet) n

3. fig Tief(punkt) n(m), -stand m:

be at a new low einen neuen Tiefpunkt erreicht haben; → high C 4

low² [ləʊ]

A v/i brüllen, muhen (Rind)

B s Brüllen n, Muhen n

* * *
I 1. adjective
1) (not reaching far up) niedrig; niedrig, flach [Absätze, Stirn]; flach [Relief]

2) (below normal level) niedrig; tief [Flug]; flach [Welle]; tief ausgeschnitten [Kleid]; tief [Ausschnitt]

3) (not elevated) tief liegend [Wiese, Grund, Land]; tiefhängend [Wolke]; tief stehend [Gestirne]; tief [Verbeugung]

4) (inferior) niedrig; gering [Intelligenz, Bildung]; gewöhnlich [Geschmack]

5) (not fair) gemein

6) (Cards) niedrig

7) (small in degree) niedrig; gering [Sichtweite, Wert]

have a low opinion of somebody/something — von jemandem/etwas keine hohe Meinung haben

8) (in pitch) tief [Ton, Stimme, Lage, Klang]; (in loudness) leise [Ton, Stimme]

9) (nearly gone) fast verbraucht od. aufgebraucht

run low — allmählich ausgehen od. zu Ende gehen. See also lower II 1.
2. adverb
1) (in or to a low position) tief; niedrig, tief [hängen]; see also high 2. 1)

2) (to a low level)

prices have gone too low — die Preise sind zu weit gefallen

3) (not loudly) leise

4)

lay somebody low — (prostrate) jemanden niederstrecken (geh.)

lie low — am Boden liegen; (hide) untertauchen. See also lower II 2.
3. noun
1) (Meteorol.) Tief, das

2) Tiefststand, der; see also all-time
II intransitive verb
[Kuh:] muhen

* * *

adj.

leise (Stimme) adj.

nieder adj.

niedrig adj.

tief adj. v.

blöken (Rind) v.

muhen v.

English-german dictionary > low
8 point

[point] 1. noun
1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) konica

2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) rtič

3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) pika

4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) točka

5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) trenutek

6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) točka

7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) stran neba

8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) točka

9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) točka; bistvo

10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) smisel

11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) (močna/šibka) točka

12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) vtičnica
2. verb
1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) nameriti

2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) kazati s prstom

3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) zamazati razpoke

•

- pointed
- pointer
- pointless
- pointlessly
- points
- be on the point of
- come to the point
- make a point of
- make one's point
- point out
- point one's toes
* * *
I [pɔint]
noun

konica, bodica, ost (igle, noža, svinčnika, jezika itd.)

archaic bodalo, meč; technical koničasta priprava, dleto, šilo, črtalnik, graverska igla; hunting cilj, postojanka (psov); plural udje, okončine (zlasti konjeve), parožki (jelen); grammar pika (tudi full ŋ); printing enota za velikost tiskarskih črk (0,376 mm), izbočena točka v Braillovi pisavi; mathematics točka ( point of intersection sečišče), decimalna pika; točka na zemljevidu, cesti itd.; physics stopinja (temperature na lestvici), stopnja; geography rtič; geography stran neba ( cardinal ŋs glavne strani neba); točka, kraj, mesto, cilj, namen ( point of destination namembni kraj; economy point of entry — vstopno pristanišče); trenutek, moment (odločilni, kritični; at the point of death umirajoč); točka dnevnega reda ( to differ on several ŋs ne strinjati se v več točkah); poanta, bistvo, odlika, svojstvo; cilj, namen, smisel ( there is no point in doing it nima smisla to narediti); poudarek ( to give point to one's words dati poudarek svojim besedam); (karakteristična) poteza, lastnost, odlika (his strong, weak ŋ njegova močna, šibka točka; it has its ŋs ima svoje dobre strani)

economy točka pri racioniranju ali ocenjevanju blaga; sport točka ( to lose on ŋs izgubiti po točkah, ŋs win zmaga po točkah); šivana čipka; music znak za ponovitev, karakteristični motiv, tematičen vstavek; military predstraža, izvidnica; British English kretnica; economy to be on points — biti racioniran (blago)

to be off points — biti v svobodni prodaji

economy to put on points — racionirati

at all points — temeljito, popolnoma, v vseh ozirih

at the point of — na robu, blizu

at the point of the pistol — z namerjeno pištolo

at the point of the sword — z grožnjo, nasilno

at this point — v tem hipu, na tem mestu (v govoru itd.)

to be on the point of — pravkar nameravati

beside ( —ali off, away from) the point — neprimeren, ne na mestu

to bursting point — (sit) da bi počil

boiling-point — vrelišče

freezing-point — ledišče

melting-point — tališče

to bring to a point — dovršiti, končati

a case in point — ustrezen primer

to carry ( —ali gain) one's point — doseči svoj smoter

to come ( —ali get) to the point — priti k stvari, priti do odločilnega trenutka

to give point to s.th. — poudariti kaj

sport to give points to s.o. — dati komu prednost v igri, figuratively biti močnejši

figuratively nine points — skoraj vse, 90 procentov

possession is nine points of the law — če kaj imaš, imaš vedno prav

to dine on potatoes and points — jesti samo krompir

in point — ustrezen, umesten

in point of — glede na

in point of fact — pravzaprav, resnično

point at issue — sporna točka

a point of interest — zanimiva podrobnost

the point of the jaw — brada

a knotty point — zamotana stvar

to keep to the point — ostati pri stvari

to lack point — ne biti prepričljiv

to make a point of — vztrajati na čem, poudarjati

sport to make ( —ali score) a point — doseči točko; dokazati resničnost trditve

to make s.th. a point of honour — smatrati kaj za častno zadevo

a moot point — dvomljiv dokaz

American point of origin — kraj porekla

not to put too fine a point on it — brez ovinkov povedati, ne prikrivati

to press a point — vztrajati pri čem, pritiskati na kaj

point of no return aeronautics nevarna cona, figuratively od kjer ni vrnitve

to see the point — razumeti poanto

to stand upon points — paziti na vsako malenkost, biti prenatančen

to stick to the point — ostati pri stvari

to stretch ( —ali strain) a point — narediti izjemo, pogledati skozi prste

one's sore point — boleča točka

there is no point in it — nima smisla

to the point — stvarno

up to a point — do neke mere

turning-point — preokret

point of view — stališče, mnenje

that is the point — to je vprašanje, to je poglavitna stvar

parliament point of order — dnevni red
II [pɔint]
1.

transitive verb

ostriti, šiliti (svinčnik itd.); figuratively poudariti, poudarjati (svoje besede); meriti, nameriti (at na); mathematics označiti decimalno mesto s piko, vejico; označiti z ločili, točkami; prekopati zemljo; upozoriti;

2.

intransitive verb

kazati s prstom (at, to); upozoriti na divjačino (lovski pes); ležati, biti obrnjen, gledati (to na; hiša); medicine zoreti (gnoj)

to point one's finger at s.o. — s prstom koga pokazati

to point (up)on — (oči, misli) upreti v, na

to point to — (pozornost) usmeriti k

to point out — pokazati, opozoriti na kaj

to point up technical zamazati razpoke, luknje v zidu; pokazati (s prstom, glavo); American podčrtati, poudariti

English-Slovenian dictionary > point
9 pulse

I 1. noun
1) (lit. or fig.) Puls, der; (single beat) Pulsschlag, der

have/keep one's finger on the pulse of something — die Hand am Puls einer Sache (Gen.) haben/auf dem laufenden über etwas (Akk.) bleiben

2) (rhythmical recurrence) Rhythmus, der

3) (Electronics) Impuls, der
2. intransitive verb
see academic.ru/59000/pulsate">pulsate
II noun
(variety of edible seed) Hülsenfrucht, die

* * *
1. noun
(the regular beating of the heart, which can be checked by feeling the pumping action of the artery in the wrist: The doctor felt/took her pulse.) der Puls
2. verb
(to throb.) pulsieren

- pulsate
- pulsation
* * *

pulse¹

[pʌls]

I. n

1. (heartbeat) Puls m

strong/weak \pulse starker/schwacher Puls

to take sb's \pulse jds Puls fühlen

2. (vibration) [Im]puls m

a \pulse of light/sound ein Licht-/Klangimpuls m

3. ( fig: mood)

to take [or feel] the \pulse of sth etw sondieren geh

to have/keep one's finger on the \pulse am Ball sein/bleiben

she's someone with her finger on the \pulse of current affairs sie ist am Puls der Zeit

4. ELEC Impuls m

II. n modifier (rate) Puls-

III. vi pulsieren

IV. vt ELEC

▪ to \pulse sth etw dat einen Impuls geben

pulse²

[pʌls]

n FOOD Hülsenfrucht f

* * *
I [pʌls]
1. n (ANAT)
Puls m; (PHYS) Impuls m; (fig of drums, music) Rhythmus m
pulse beat — Pulsschlag m

to feel or take sb's pulse —

he felt the pulse of life in his veins — er spürte, wie das Leben in seinen Adern pulsierte

he still has or keeps his finger on the pulse of economic affairs — er hat in Wirtschaftsfragen immer noch den Finger am Puls der Zeit

2. vi
pulsieren; (machines) stampfen II
n (BOT, COOK)
Hülsenfrucht f
* * *

pulse¹ [pʌls]

A s

1. Puls(schlag) m (auch fig):

rapid ( oder quick) pulse schneller Puls;

pulse beat (einzelner) Pulsschlag;

pulse rate MED Pulsfrequenz f, -schlag m, -zahl f;

feel ( oder take) sb’s pulse jemandem den Puls fühlen (a. fig jemandes Gesinnung od Meinung zu ergründen suchen);

keep one’s finger on the pulse of fig die Hand am Puls (gen) haben

2. Pulsieren n (auch fig)

3. ELEK, PHYS Impuls m, (Strom)Stoß m:

pulse generator Impulsgenerator m, -geber m;

pulse-modulated impulsmoduliert;

pulse shaping circuit Impulsformerschaltung f;

pulse train Impulsserie f

4. fig Vitalität f, Schwung m

B v/i → pulsate

C v/t ELEK impulsweise (aus)strahlen oder senden

pulse² [pʌls] s Hülsenfrüchte pl

* * *
I 1. noun
1) (lit. or fig.) Puls, der; (single beat) Pulsschlag, der

have/keep one's finger on the pulse of something — die Hand am Puls einer Sache (Gen.) haben/auf dem laufenden über etwas (Akk.) bleiben

2) (rhythmical recurrence) Rhythmus, der

3) (Electronics) Impuls, der
2. intransitive verb
see pulsate
II noun
(variety of edible seed) Hülsenfrucht, die

* * *

n.

Impuls -e m.

Puls -e m.

English-german dictionary > pulse
10 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
11 point

point
1. noun
1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) punta

2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) punta, cabo

3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) punto

4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) punto

5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) momento preciso

6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) punto

7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) punto (cardinal)

8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) punto

9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) punto, cuestión

10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) sentido

11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) cualidad

12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) toma

2. verb
1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) apuntar

2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) señalar, apuntar

3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) rejuntar

•

- pointed
- pointer
- pointless
- pointlessly
- points
- be on the point of
- come to the point
- make a point of
- make one's point
- point out
- point one's toes

point¹ n

1. punta

the point of a needle la punta de una aguja

2. punto

he scored 12 points marcó 12 puntos

3. momento

at the point when I left, they were winning 3 1 en el momento en que me fui, ganaban 3 a 1

4. coma

four point five (4.5) cuatro coma cinco (4,5)

En el sistema inglés, los millares se separan con una coma y los decimales con un punto, así que tres mil ochocientas treinta y cinco se escribiría 3,835 y treinta y ocho coma veinticinco se escribiría 38.25

5. sentido

there's no point in waiting, he's not coming no tiene sentido esperar, no viene

to be on the point of doing something estar a punto de hacer algo

to get to the point ir al grano

point² vb señalar / indicar

it's rude to point es de mala educación señalar con el dedo

point

tr[pɔɪnt]

noun

1 (sharp end - of knife, nail, pencil) punta

2 (place) punto, lugar nombre masculino

■ meeting point punto de encuentro, punto de reunión

3 (moment) momento, instante nombre masculino, punto

■ at no point en ningún momento

■ at this point en este momento

■ at that point en aquel momento, entonces

4 (state, degree) punto, extremo

■ he was offhand to the point of rudeness estuvo tan brusco que llegó a ser grosero

5 (on scale, graph, compass) punto; (on thermometer) grado

■ what's the boiling point of water? ¿cuál es el punto de ebullición del agua?

6 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (score, mark) punto, tanto

■ he won on points ganó por puntos

7 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL entero

■ the financial index is up two points el índice ha subido dos enteros

8 (item, matter, idea, detail) punto

■ I'd like to raise a point quisiera plantear una cuestión

■ she made some interesting points hizo unas observaciones interesantes

■ I see your point ya veo lo que quieres decir, entiendo lo que quieres decir

■ point taken! ¡de acuerdo!

■ he's got a point tiene cierta razón (en lo que dice)

9 (central idea, meaning) idea, significado

■ you've missed the point no has captado la idea

■ that's not the point no se trata de eso

10 (purpose, use) sentido, propósito

■ what's the point? ¿para qué?

■ what's the point of... ¿qué sentido tiene...

■ there's no point in... no vale la pena...

11 (quality, ability) cualidad nombre femenino

■ he has his good points and bad points tiene cualidades y defectos

12 SMALLGEOGRAPHY/SMALL punta, cabo

13 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL (in geometry) punto (de intersección)

14 (on compass) punto (cardinal)

15 (in decimals) coma

■ 5 point 6 cinco coma seis

intransitive verb

1 (show) señalar

■ the girl pointed at the clown la niña señaló al payaso con el dedo

2 figurative use (indicate) indicar

■ it all points to blackmail todo indica que se trata de un chantaje

transitive verb

1 (with weapon) apuntar

■ he pointed a gun at me me apuntó con una pistola

2 (direct) señalar, indicar

3 (wall, house) ajuntar

plural noun points

1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (on railway) agujas nombre femenino plural

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at the point of a gun a punta de pistola

in point of fact de hecho, en realidad

not to put too finer point on it hablando en plata

to be beside the point no venir al caso

to be on the point of doing something estar a punto de hacer algo

to be to the point ser relevante y conciso,-a

to come to the point ir al grano

to dance on points bailar de puntas

to get to the point ir al grano

to make a point of doing something proponerse hacer algo, poner empeño en hacer algo

to reach the point of no return no poder echarse atrás

up to a point hasta cierto punto

point of order moción nombre femenino de orden

point of view punto de vista

weak point punto débil

point ['pɔɪnt] vt

1) sharpen: afilar (la punta de)

2) indicate: señalar, indicar

to point the way: señalar el camino

3) aim: apuntar

4)

to point out : señalar, indicar

point vi

1)

to point at : señalar (con el dedo)

2)

to point to indicate: señalar, indicar

point n

1) item: punto m

the main points: los puntos principales

2) quality: cualidad f

her good points: sus buenas cualidades

it's not his strong point: no es su (punto) fuerte

3) (indicating a chief idea or meaning)

it's beside the point: no viene al caso

to get to the point: ir al grano

to stick to the point: no salirse del tema

4) purpose: fin m, propósito m

there's no point to it: no vale la pena, no sirve para nada

5) place: punto m, lugar m

points of interest: puntos interesantes

6) : punto m (en una escala)

boiling point: punto de ebullición

7) moment: momento m, coyuntura f

at this point: en este momento

8) tip: punta f

9) headland: punta f, cabo m

10) period: punto m (marca de puntuación)

11) unit: punto m

he scored 15 points: ganó 15 puntos

shares fell 10 points: las acciones bajaron 10 enteros

12)

compass points : puntos mpl cardinales

13)

decimal point : punto m decimal, coma f

point

n.

• cabo s.m.

• entero s.m.

• extremo s.m.

• finalidad s.f.

• pico s.m.

• propósito s.m.

• punta s.f.

• puntilla s.f.

• punto s.m.

• púa s.f.

• tanto s.m.

v.

• afilar v.

• apuntar v.

• asestar v.

• clavetear v.

• encarar v.

• señalar v.

pɔɪnt
I

1) noun

Sense I

2) c

a) ( dot) punto m

b) ( decimal point) ≈coma f, punto m decimal (AmL) ( the point is used instead of the comma in some Latin American countries)

1.5 — (léase: one point five) 1,5 (read as: uno coma cinco) 1.5 (read as: uno punto cinco) (AmL)

3) c

a) ( in space) punto m

the points of the compass — los puntos cardinales

point of departure — punto m de partida

customs point — aduana f

things have reached such a point that... — las cosas han llegado a tal punto or a tal extremo que...

the point of no return: we've reached the point of no return — ahora ya no nos podemos echar atrás

b) ( on scale) punto m

freezing/boiling point — punto de congelación/ebullición

you're right, up to a point — hasta cierto punto tienes razón

she is reserved to the point of coldness — es tan reservada, que llega a ser fría

4) c ( in time) momento m

at this point — en ese/este momento or instante

at this point in time — en este momento

he was at the point of death — (frml) estaba agonizando

from this point on — a partir de este momento

to be on the point of -ing — estar* a punto de + inf

5) c (in contest, exam) punto m

to win on points — ( in boxing) ganar por puntos

to make points with somebody — (AmE) hacer* méritos con alguien; match point, set I 4)

Sense II

6) c

a) (item, matter) punto m

the seminar will cover the following points — el seminario abarcará los siguientes puntos

the main points of the news — un resumen de las noticias más importantes del día

point of honor — cuestión f de honor or pundonor

point of order — moción f de orden

to bring up o raise a point — plantear una cuestión

a point of law — una cuestión de derecho

to make a point of -ing: I'll make a point of watching them closely me encargaré de vigilarlos de cerca; to stretch a point — hacer* una excepción

b) ( argument)

it was a point which had never occurred to me — era algo que nunca se me había ocurrido

yes, that's a point — sí, ese es un punto interesante

to make a point: that was a very interesting point you made lo que señalaste or planteaste or dijiste es muy interesante; she made the point that... observó que...; all right, you've made your point! sí, bueno, ya has dicho lo que querías decir; ( conceding) sí, bueno, tienes razón; I take your point, but... te entiendo, pero...; point taken de acuerdo; to prove one's/a point — demostrar* que uno tiene razón or está en lo cierto

7) (no pl) (central issue, meaning)

to come/get to the point — ir* al grano

to keep o stick to the point — no irse* por las ramas, no salirse* del tema

she was brief and to the point — fue breve y concisa

and, more to the point... — y lo que es más...

that's beside the point — eso no tiene nada que ver or no viene al caso

the point is that... — el hecho es que...

that's not the point — no se trata de eso

that's just the point! — justamente!

to miss the point — no entender* de qué se trata

8) u ( purpose)

what's the point of going on? — ¿qué sentido tiene seguir?, ¿para qué vamos a seguir?

the whole point of my trip was to see you — justamente iba a viajar (or he viajado etc) nada más que para verte, el único propósito de mi viaje era verte a ti

there's no point (in) feeling sorry for yourself — no sirve de nada compadecerse

9) c (feature, quality)

music isn't one of my strong points — la música no es mi fuerte

bad points — defectos

he has many good points — tiene muchos puntos a su favor

the good and bad points of the system — los pros y los contras del sistema

Sense III

10) c

a) (sharp end, tip) punta f

to come to a point — acabar en punta

b) ( promontory) ( Geog) punta f, cabo m

11) points pl (BrE Rail) agujas fpl

12) c ( socket) (BrE)

(electrical o power) point — toma f de corriente, tomacorriente m (AmL)

II
1.

transitive verb (aim, direct) señalar, indicar*

can you point us in the right direction? — ¿nos puede indicar por dónde se va?, ¿nos puede señalar el camino?

to point something AT somebody/something: he pointed his finger at me me señaló con el dedo; she pointed the gun at him le apuntó con la pistola; point the aerosol away from you — apunta para otro lado con el aerosol

2.

vi

a) (with finger, stick etc) señalar

it's rude to point — es de mala educación señalar con el dedo

the gun was pointing in my direction — la pistola apuntaba hacia mí

to point AT/TO something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien

to point TOWARD something — señalar en dirección a algo

b) ( call attention)

to point TO something — señalar algo

the report points to deficiencies in health care — el informe señala deficiencias en la asistencia sanitaria

c) (indicate, suggest)

to point TO something — \<\<facts/symptoms\>\> indicar* algo

it all points to suicide — todo indica or hace pensar que se trata de un suicidio

the trends point to an early economic recovery — los indicios apuntan a una pronta reactivación de la economía

Phrasal Verbs:

- point out

[pɔɪnt]
1. N

1) (Geom) (=dot) punto m ; (=decimal point) punto m decimal, coma f

two point six (2.6) — dos coma seis (2,6)

2) (on scale, thermometer) punto m

boiling/freezing point — punto de ebullición/congelación

the thermometer went up three points — el termómetro subió tres grados

the index is down three points — el índice bajó tres enteros

the shares went down two points — las acciones bajaron dos enteros

3) (on compass) cuarta f, grado m

from all points of the compass — desde los cuatro rincones del mundo

4) [of needle, pencil, knife etc] punta f ; [of pen] puntilla f

to put a point on a pencil — sacar punta a un lápiz

a star with five points — una estrella de cinco puntas

• at the point of a sword — a punta de espada

• with a sharp point — puntiagudo

- not to put too fine a point on it

5) (=place) punto m, lugar m

he had reached the point of resigning — había llegado al punto de la dimisión

this was the low/high point of his career — este fue el momento más bajo/el momento cumbre de su carrera

• at all points — por todas partes, en todos los sitios

delivered free to all points in Spain — entrega gratuita en cualquier punto de España

the train stops at Carlisle and all points south — el tren para en Carlisle y todas las estaciones al sur

• at this point — (in space) aquí, allí; (in time) en este or aquel momento

• when it comes to the point — en el momento de la verdad

when it came to the point of paying... — cuando llegó la hora de pagar..., a la hora de pagar...

• there was no point of contact between them — no existía ningún nexo de unión entre ellos

• to be on or at the point of death — estar a punto de morir

• point of departure — (lit, fig) punto m de partida

• point of entry — (into a country) punto m de entrada, paso m fronterizo

• from that point on... — de allí en adelante...

• to reach the point of no return — (lit, fig) llegar al punto sin retorno

• to be on the point of doing sth — estar a punto de hacer algo

• abrupt to the point of rudeness — tan brusco que resulta grosero

• up to a point — (=in part) hasta cierto punto, en cierta medida

• at the point where the road forks — donde se bifurca el camino

6) (=counting unit) (in Sport, test) punto m

• points against — puntos mpl en contra

• points for — puntos mpl a favor

• to win on points — ganar por puntos

• to give sth/sb points out of ten — dar a algo/algn un número de puntos sobre diez

• to score ten points — marcar diez puntos

7) (=most important thing)

the point is that... — el caso es que...

that's the whole point, that's just the point! — ¡eso es!, ¡ahí está!

the point of the joke/story — la gracia del chiste/cuento

• to be beside the point — no venir al caso

it is beside the point that... — no importa que + subjun

• do you get the point? — ¿entiendes por dónde voy or lo que quiero decir?

• to miss the point — no comprender

• that's not the point — esto no viene al caso, no es eso

• to get off the point — salirse del tema

• his remarks were to the point — sus observaciones venían al caso

an argument very much to the point — un argumento muy a propósito

that is hardly to the point — eso apenas hace al caso

to come or get to the point — ir al grano

to get back to the point — volver al tema

to keep or stick to the point — no salirse del tema

to speak to the point — (=relevantly) hablar acertadamente, hablar con tino

8) (=purpose, use) [of action, visit] finalidad f, propósito m

• it gave point to the argument — hizo ver la importancia del argumento

• there's little point in telling him — no merece la pena or no tiene mucho sentido decírselo

• there's no point in staying — no tiene sentido quedarse

a long story that seemed to have no point at all — una larga historia que no parecía venir al caso en absoluto

• to see the point of sth — encontrar or ver sentido a algo, entender el porqué de algo

I don't see the point of or in doing that — no veo qué sentido tiene hacer eso

• what's the point? — ¿para qué?, ¿a cuento de qué?

what's the point of or in trying? — ¿de qué sirve intentar?

9) (=detail, argument) punto m

the points to remember are... — los puntos a retener son los siguientes...

to carry or gain or win one's point — salirse con la suya

five-point plan — proyecto m de cinco puntos

• to argue point by point — razonar punto por punto

• in point of fact — en realidad, el caso es que

• I think she has a point — creo que tiene un poco de razón

you've got or you have a point there! — ¡tienes razón!, ¡es cierto! (LAm)

• the point at issue — el asunto, el tema en cuestión

• to make one's point — convencer

you've made your point — nos etc has convencido

he made the following points — dijo lo siguiente

to make the point that... — hacer ver or comprender que...

to make a point of doing sth, make it a point to do sth — poner empeño en hacer algo

• on this point — sobre este punto

on that point — en cuanto a eso

on that point we agree — sobre eso estamos de acuerdo

to differ on a point — no estar de acuerdo en un particular

• to press the point — insistir ( that en que)

• to stretch a point — hacer una excepción

• I take your point — acepto lo que dices

point taken! — ¡de acuerdo!

10)

• point of view — punto m de vista

from the point of view of — desde el punto de vista de

to see or understand sb's point of view — comprender el punto de vista de algn

to look at a matter from all points of view — considerar una cuestión bajo todos sus aspectos

to come round to sb's point of view — adoptar el criterio de algn

11) (=matter) cuestión f

• point of detail — detalle m

• point of honour — cuestión f or punto m de honor

• point of interest — punto m interesante

• point of law — cuestión f de derecho

• point of order — cuestión f de procedimiento

• a point of principle — una cuestión de principios

12) (=characteristic) cualidad f

what points should I look for? — ¿qué puntos debo buscar?

• bad points — cualidades fpl malas

• good points — cualidades fpl buenas

• he has his points — tiene algunas cualidades buenas

• tact isn't one of his strong points — la discreción no es uno de sus (puntos) fuertes

it was always his strong point — siempre ha sido su punto fuerte

• weak point — flaco m, punto m flaco, punto m débil

13) points (Brit) (Rail) agujas fpl ; (Aut) platinos mpl

14) (Brit) (Elec) (also: power point) toma f de corriente, tomacorriente m (S. Cone)

15) (Geog) punta f, promontorio m, cabo m

16) (Typ) (=punctuation mark) punto m

9 point black — (Typ) negritas fpl del cuerpo 9

17) (Ballet) (usu pl) punta f

• to dance on points — bailar sobre las puntas

2. VT

1) (=aim, direct) apuntar (at a)

• to point a gun at sb — apuntar a algn con un fusil

to point one's finger at sth/sb — señalar con el dedo algo/a algn

• to point one's toes — hacer puntas

• he pointed the car towards London — puso el coche rumbo a Londres

- point the finger at sb

2) (=indicate, show) señalar, indicar

• would you point me in the direction of the town hall? — ¿me quiere decir dónde está el ayuntamiento?

we pointed him in the right direction — le indicamos el camino

• to point the moral that... — subrayar la moraleja de que...

• to point the way — (lit, fig) señalar el camino

3) (Constr) [+ wall] rejuntar

4) [+ text] puntuar; [+ Hebrew etc] puntar

3. VI

1) (lit) señalar

• to point at or towards sth/sb — (with finger) señalar algo/a algn con el dedo

• the car isn't pointing in the right direction — el coche no va en la dirección correcta

• it points (to the) north — apunta hacia el norte

• the hands pointed to midnight — las agujas marcaban las 12 de la noche

2) (fig) (=indicate) indicar

everything points that way — todo parece indicarlo

• this points to the fact that... — esto indica que...

the evidence points to her — las pruebas indican que ella es la culpable

everything points to his success — todo anuncia su éxito

everything points to the festival being a lively one — el festival se anuncia animado

3)

• to point to sth — (=call attention to) señalar algo

4) [dog] mostrar la caza, parar

4.

CPD

point duty N — (Brit) (Police) control m de la circulación

to be on point duty — dirigir la circulación or el tráfico

point man N — (=spokesman) portavoz m

point of reference N — punto m de referencia

point of sale N — punto m de venta

points decision N — (Boxing) decisión f a los puntos

points failure N — (Brit) (Rail) fallo m en el sistema de agujas

points system N — (gen) sistema m de puntos; (Aut) sistema de penalización por las infracciones cometidas por un conductor que puede llevar a determinadas sanciones (p. ej. la retirada del permiso de conducir)

points victory, points win N — victoria f a los puntos
point-of-sale
- point out

- point up

* * *
[pɔɪnt]
I

1) noun

Sense I

2) c

a) ( dot) punto m

b) ( decimal point) ≈coma f, punto m decimal (AmL) ( the point is used instead of the comma in some Latin American countries)

1.5 — (léase: one point five) 1,5 (read as: uno coma cinco) 1.5 (read as: uno punto cinco) (AmL)

3) c

a) ( in space) punto m

the points of the compass — los puntos cardinales

point of departure — punto m de partida

customs point — aduana f

things have reached such a point that... — las cosas han llegado a tal punto or a tal extremo que...

the point of no return: we've reached the point of no return — ahora ya no nos podemos echar atrás

b) ( on scale) punto m

freezing/boiling point — punto de congelación/ebullición

you're right, up to a point — hasta cierto punto tienes razón

she is reserved to the point of coldness — es tan reservada, que llega a ser fría

4) c ( in time) momento m

at this point — en ese/este momento or instante

at this point in time — en este momento

he was at the point of death — (frml) estaba agonizando

from this point on — a partir de este momento

to be on the point of -ing — estar* a punto de + inf

5) c (in contest, exam) punto m

to win on points — ( in boxing) ganar por puntos

to make points with somebody — (AmE) hacer* méritos con alguien; match point, set I 4)

Sense II

6) c

a) (item, matter) punto m

the seminar will cover the following points — el seminario abarcará los siguientes puntos

the main points of the news — un resumen de las noticias más importantes del día

point of honor — cuestión f de honor or pundonor

point of order — moción f de orden

to bring up o raise a point — plantear una cuestión

a point of law — una cuestión de derecho

to make a point of -ing: I'll make a point of watching them closely me encargaré de vigilarlos de cerca; to stretch a point — hacer* una excepción

b) ( argument)

it was a point which had never occurred to me — era algo que nunca se me había ocurrido

yes, that's a point — sí, ese es un punto interesante

to make a point: that was a very interesting point you made lo que señalaste or planteaste or dijiste es muy interesante; she made the point that... observó que...; all right, you've made your point! sí, bueno, ya has dicho lo que querías decir; ( conceding) sí, bueno, tienes razón; I take your point, but... te entiendo, pero...; point taken de acuerdo; to prove one's/a point — demostrar* que uno tiene razón or está en lo cierto

7) (no pl) (central issue, meaning)

to come/get to the point — ir* al grano

to keep o stick to the point — no irse* por las ramas, no salirse* del tema

she was brief and to the point — fue breve y concisa

and, more to the point... — y lo que es más...

that's beside the point — eso no tiene nada que ver or no viene al caso

the point is that... — el hecho es que...

that's not the point — no se trata de eso

that's just the point! — justamente!

to miss the point — no entender* de qué se trata

8) u ( purpose)

what's the point of going on? — ¿qué sentido tiene seguir?, ¿para qué vamos a seguir?

the whole point of my trip was to see you — justamente iba a viajar (or he viajado etc) nada más que para verte, el único propósito de mi viaje era verte a ti

there's no point (in) feeling sorry for yourself — no sirve de nada compadecerse

9) c (feature, quality)

music isn't one of my strong points — la música no es mi fuerte

bad points — defectos

he has many good points — tiene muchos puntos a su favor

the good and bad points of the system — los pros y los contras del sistema

Sense III

10) c

a) (sharp end, tip) punta f

to come to a point — acabar en punta

b) ( promontory) ( Geog) punta f, cabo m

11) points pl (BrE Rail) agujas fpl

12) c ( socket) (BrE)

(electrical o power) point — toma f de corriente, tomacorriente m (AmL)

II
1.

transitive verb (aim, direct) señalar, indicar*

can you point us in the right direction? — ¿nos puede indicar por dónde se va?, ¿nos puede señalar el camino?

to point something AT somebody/something: he pointed his finger at me me señaló con el dedo; she pointed the gun at him le apuntó con la pistola; point the aerosol away from you — apunta para otro lado con el aerosol

2.

vi

a) (with finger, stick etc) señalar

it's rude to point — es de mala educación señalar con el dedo

the gun was pointing in my direction — la pistola apuntaba hacia mí

to point AT/TO something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien

to point TOWARD something — señalar en dirección a algo

b) ( call attention)

to point TO something — señalar algo

the report points to deficiencies in health care — el informe señala deficiencias en la asistencia sanitaria

c) (indicate, suggest)

to point TO something — \<\<facts/symptoms\>\> indicar* algo

it all points to suicide — todo indica or hace pensar que se trata de un suicidio

the trends point to an early economic recovery — los indicios apuntan a una pronta reactivación de la economía

Phrasal Verbs:

- point out

English-spanish dictionary > point

См. также в других словарях:

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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music is her strong (weak)

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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music is her strong (weak)

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